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Ruzhyn ((ウクライナ語:Ружин); (ポーランド語:Rużyn); (ロシア語:Ружин) translit. ''Ruzhyn''; (イディッシュ語:רוזשין ''Rizhn'')) is an urban-type settlement in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine. It serves as the administrative district of Ruzhyn Raion. Population: ==History== Archaeological discoveries of stone tools and carvings, dating to 5000 BCE were made in the Ruzhyn area. This was termed the Trypillian culture. The nomadic Scythians controlled the area from approximately 500-300 BCE, replaced by the Sarmatians, who were based on the western banks of the Dniester. Later, a Hellenistic Antiv culture built a defensive wall near Ruzhyn, and extended its territorial reach to all the area between the Dniester & Dnieper Rivers. Traces of this culture have been found with discoveries of coins, glassware, and ceramics, which date up to the 5th century. A 12th-13th century cross was found in Ruzhyn, attesting to the arrival of Christianity in the area. Sherbiv (as Ruzhyn was then known) was the home of a Mongol Khan, along with his 13 slaves. Ruzhyn's history is that of Ukraine, as a whole: *founding of Kievan Rus in 885 by Count Oleg *occupation by the Mongol Golden Horde in the mid-13th century *occupation by Lithuanian nobles from 1398–1449 *the "Independence War" against Poland, led by Bogdan Chmielnitski from 1648–57, in which tens of thousands of Jews were massacred Polish noblemen began to wield influence in the western Ukraine. In 1596, one – Count Kirik Ruzhynsky – changed the name of the town from Sherbiv to Ruzhyn. In 1608, Kirik's brother Adam aided Dmitri – a false pretender to the throne in Moscow – to raise an army which consisted of a thousand horsemen. To raise the funds, he leased some of his lands and mortgaged the town of Ruzhyn to Kristof Kevlitch. With the defeat of Dimitri's revolt by the Romanovs, the Ruzhynsky properties fell into disarray. In the mid-17th century, a cathedral was built in nearby Belilovka – and Chmielnitski's Cossacks marched through Ruzhyn for the first time on December 1648. The land was subsequently partitioned and granted to Cossack officers. Forests were cleared for farming – and life became peaceful. By 1651, Ruzhyn was prospering. With a peace treaty signed between Russia-Ukraine and Poland in 1667, lands including Ruzhyn reverted to Polish control. Ruzhyn was controlled soon after by Count Wiśniowiecki (ukr. Vishnievetsky). In 1736, the local manager of Pavolich and Ruzhyn had 35 Jewish citizens killed, and their properties, valued at 180,000 zlotys, were confiscated. The first burials in Ruzhyn's Jewish cemetery are thought to date to 1776. Meanwhile, the Catholic cathedral was built in Ruzhyn, and in 1845 a 6-bed hospital was added to its holdings. The fabric industry, with the establishment of two factories, became a cornerstone of industry in the town. A leather factory, owned by August Wolf, started operations in 1862. Subsequently, brick factories, liquor distilleries, oil processing plants & steam-powered mills sprung up throughout Ruzhyn; as did a post office, another hospital, an Orthodox church and a synagogue. By 1906, Ruzhyn was a mixture of Ukrainians, Poles and Jews and surpassed 4,000 residents. Including the suburb of Balamutivka would have brought the total to over 6,000. Ukrainians were educated in state-run schools; Jews in heders and yeshivas; and Poles in clandestine Polish schools (in Balamutivka). The town, by 1908, had established a theatre, cinema, Catholic cathedral and its own electric power station. With the onset of World War I, the army mobilized many citizens – and provisions and horses were demanded for the war effort. Following a brief period of Ukrainian independence (1916–18), the Germans marched into Ruzhyn on February 27, 1918. They left one week after the Armistice, on November 18, 1918. In a 1919 pogrom, Jews were robbed and beaten, and a large tribute was exacted from the community. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Joseph Stalin's Bolshevik government and troops called for provisions from Ukraine, the "bread-basket of the Europe". Under this "New Economic Policy", the peasantry's produce was harvested, through mandatory quotas, only to be shipped to the population centers of Moscow, St. Petersburg etc. During the period known today as the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33, between 6-7 million Ukrainians were starved to death. Many strikes against this policy shook Ruzhyn. A top-secret report by the NKVD (precursor to the KGB) entitled "Counter-Revolutionary Activities in Ruzhyn District" reported that 70% of Ruzhyn and Balamutivka's 543 farmers had been grouped into a kolkhoz (a collective) and that there was a marked increase of "banditism", as people stole & scrounged for anything to eat. During this period, cannibalism was witnessed in various places throughout Ukraine, among them, the Ruzhyn District. By 1939, the Jewish community dropped to 1,108 people. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ruzhyn (urban-type settlement)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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